The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions that are in wide ribbon around the equator. This includes many from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. In 2015, there are 214 million cases of malaria around the world. This has resulted in approximately 90% of the death, 438,000 of which occur in Africa. Disease rates declined from 2000 to 2015, amounting to 37%, but increased from 2014 where there are 198 million cases.
The disease is transmitted through the female anopheles mosquito bites. There are several species of the anopheles mosquito, among others:
Plasmodium Vivax
Plasmodium Ovale
Plasmodium Falciparum
Plasmodium Malarie
Plasmodium Vivax
Plasmodium Knowlesi
Plasmodium Vivax is the parasitic protozoa and human pathogens. P. Vivax is one of four species of malarial parasite that generally attack humans. P. Vivax is carried by the female Anopheles mosquito.
Plasmodium Ovale is a parasite is more rare than two other parasites, and not as dangerous P. Falciparum.
Plasmodium Falciparum is a Protozoan was entered into the human body through Anopheles mosquito females. P. Falciparum causes the most dangerous infections and complications and mortality rate of malaria.
Plasmodium Malarie is closely related to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, which causes most of the malaria infection.
Plasmodium Knowlesi which causes malaria in macaques, known lately in Southeast Asia also infect humans.
Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Malarie, Plasmodium Vivax malaria is kind of all over the world. Sentara that type of malaria Plasmodium Ovale is normally only found in Africa. Plasmodium Falciparum malaria type is the most cause of death.
Plasmodium life cycle starting from the entry of the sporozoit into the human bloodstream. In less than 30 minutes will move to the liver, and within 6-16 days will grow into the thousands Merozoit. Merozoit moved into the bloodstream and thrive there.
Early symptoms of malaria in humans:
On early symptoms, similar to a mild systemic viral infection symptoms. Such as headaches, tired, weak, feeling uncomfortable in the digestive tract, muscle and joint pain and followed by a fever, chills, sweating, vomiting, and condition the sufferer would further deteriorate. Because the early symptoms are not specific, often not diagnosis if it is only viewed from the symptoms only.
Symptoms caused by p. Malariae and p. Ovale is usually mild, while the symptoms that caused P. Falciparum is typically heavier than the other. The typical symptom is swelling of the spleen and anemia, this happened on chronic malaria.
The typical fever attack usually begins during the day, starting with a period of chills that can be accompanied by seizures in children. This period lasted between 15 to 60 minutes. Next proceed to the peak period of fever. This period, usually lasts about 2 hours and the fever reaches the 410C bias. Next period are forwarded to the sweating, the body temperature will decrease quickly, the body gets tired and sleepy.
The symptoms of malaria can recur after a period free of symptoms. Depending on the cause, can be classified as a recrudescence of recurrence, relapse. Recrudescence is when the symptoms return after the free period symptoms. This is caused by a parasite living in the blood as a result of inadequate treatment or not effective.
Malaria is treatable with antimalarial drugs used depend on the type and severity of the disease.
Uncomplicated malaria can be treated with oral medications. The most effective treatment for infection with p. falciparum is the use of artemisinin in combination with another antimalarial medicine (artemisinin-combination therapy), which lowers the resistance to medication, one-component. Antimalarial drug additions include: lumefantrine, amodiaquine, sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine or mefloquine.
Other recommended combination of dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine is. The ACT is about 90% effective when used to treat uncomplicated malaria. To treat malaria during pregnancy, the WHO recommends the use clindamycin in early pregnancy, and ACT in the final stage.
Infection with p. vivax, p. ovale or p. malariae is usually treated without hospitalization. The treatment of p. vivax parasite stages treatment requires either in the blood (with chloroquine or ACT) and cleaning the parasitic form in the liver with primaquine.
The recommended treatment for malaria is the use of antimalarial drugs intravenously. The treatment of severe malaria involves measures of support which is best done in the intensive care unit. This includes the management of a high fever and seizures that may arise from it. It also includes monitoring for respiratory effort, low blood sugar, and low blood potassium.
Avoid in order not to be bitten mosquitoes is the way most major precautions to avoid contracting malaria. You can use netting to cover the bed, getting rid of standing water, wear lotion anti insects and use clothing or blankets that cover the skin of the body.
